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okay so today I'm going to tell you a

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little bit about it phylogenetic that

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diversity that is preserved in something

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we call it travertine that maybe not all

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of you have heard of in how white that

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is important okay so test I already

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talked a whole lot about a stream of all

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so I don't naturally have to go through

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this so we already know their organisms

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that are capable of living in extreme

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environments and this could be a strange

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of temperature pH so in other conditions

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in the extreme environment that I'm

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interested in is the environments of hot

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springs sorry hot environments

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especially hot springs and this picture

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has already we've seen that number of

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times today so obviously once you think

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about hot springs or hot environments

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naturally what comes to mind is the

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early Earth and then you think about it

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um organisms that are able to live in

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this kind of hot springs are probably

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good candidates or really the best

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candidates for life on early Earth and

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probably other planets so we still have

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these thermal environments on earth

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currently and you can think of hot

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springs hydrothermal vents or black

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smokers and all those other hot

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environments so the hot springs that I'm

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interested in there are two of them

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which are really pretty in nature's

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talked about Yellowstone so i don't have

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to initially talked about those so this

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is mammoth hot springs in hot spring we

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have we have a lot of guises hot springs

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and all sorts of things and most of the

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hot springs actually precipitate calcite

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um silicates but the moment sorry the

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mammoth hot springs are the only springs

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are actually preceded what we call

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calcium carbonate so these um

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territorial Hot Springs they have the

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elect mo environments they have

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geothermal waters that erupts and when

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they do they cool in the during the

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process of cooling they lose some carbon

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dioxide and they are able to precipitate

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calcium carbonate in microbes also be

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implicated in the precipitation of this

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calcium carbonate during photosynthesis

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so think about sino bacteria as it

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photosynthesis

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it removes all the cost of carbon

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dioxide that is present in the water and

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that can also lead to the precipitation

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of this cause calcium carbonates and

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these we call travertine and this is so

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rapid that you can actually stay there

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and watch them as they precipitate so

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what we think is that as this are

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precipitating it because it's really

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rapid you can have them basically

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trapped in and tell microbes as they do

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that and the good thing about those hot

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springs are that three time they

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actually are able to basically collect

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information at a time of your

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presentation so through time you can be

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able to study this and think about the

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climate the Paleo climate at a time of

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formation the microbial life in the

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hydrology I design presentation as well

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so my Hot Springs that I looked at at

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two of them and these are the largest

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travertine precipitating hot springs in

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the world from 13 and also from

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Yellowstone so a lot of work has already

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been done using travertine but mainly

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people have looked at what is in the

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water and also a lot of work has also

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been done on the rocks itself but

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looking at the rocks is what most people

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have only looked at physical biomarkers

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basically clear fossils and also like

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crystals that are present in these

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travertine samples so these are all good

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so the i'll just show you a few examples

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of what have being done so this work was

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done by allen in two thousand whether we

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china look at the position is that he

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can study on earth for astrobiology like

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where they go there what they can

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actually look out for so these are

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filaments that you can see is standing

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from pits of weathered calcite crystals

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and these are change of microbes that

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have been replaced by slick as spheres

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and these are also microbial forms they

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can see on calcite so this is all great

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you can see fossils in all those

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crystals when you look into the the

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double-slit the records but the problem

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then is it's not always that you can be

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sure that these are actually for

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microbial origins and the first thing

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that comes in

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if you all have heard of this video

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right alh84001 where there is all that

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create controversy about whether it is

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actually from a biological source or not

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so then is not good that we can use the

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fossils but can we really be sure that

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these actually up from biological

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sources not really so the golden of my

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study was to be able to go in and try to

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think of other sorts of biomarkers that

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we can use instead of fiscal biomarkers

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to see if we can actually be able to

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check these deficits back in time and

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look at what was present in them so

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that's the basic very Marquez avocado

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first was DNA which doesn't it's not

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long leaf so obviously we can go back

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into the billions of years so we tried

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to go back to at least a million year

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old deficit and see how far we can go

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inside and then also another option

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would be to the caliphates so this work

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is going to just look at what I did

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looking at DNA by Marcus so basically we

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have we hypothesized that microbial DNA

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can be stored or preserved in those

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deposits and three time we can be able

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to use them to reconstruct the

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phylogenetic and metabolic activities

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that were at the time of the formation

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of this deposits so basically to the two

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basic questions at what what can we find

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in there in how did they change of a

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geological time and also what are the

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metabolic potentials that are preserved

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or they had at the time of his

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precipitation so to do this one of the

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most important work becomes to mind or

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that helps me is this concept of

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trafficking the positional fascias that

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was established like my advisor in two

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thousand he basically look at the the

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foot path of destruction deficits and he

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was able to establish that there's

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actually come in five therefore self the

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positional fascias from the vent fishes

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all the way to the proximal slope and

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basically moving from one patients to

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the other you have differential

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chemistry different fabrics in different

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but microbial communities that are

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preserved and how why is this important

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because basically going back in time you

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can be able to track those fabrics and

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what they look like so then if you have

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a modern trafficking sample that is like

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a ten-year-old travertine

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track it all the way back like a million

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travertine sample and be sure that

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they're from the same the same from a

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spacious and once you have the modern

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sample you know where you can find it a

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modern sample you should be able to

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basically see the same thing because

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it's the same conditions under which

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they were formed so then that gives you

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like a starting point for you to be able

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to move on okay so I went looking at

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five of samples one with an active

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sample that with water in a little bit

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of traveling travertine itself attorney

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also improved 4,000 year old thirty

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thousand year old in a 1 million year

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old so the one building your old one is

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from check mark and the Rays are all

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from Yellowstone so basically the

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problem that comes we had to work with

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inch and samples is a huge problem with

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contamination so there's a friend first

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one that we have is the dye generating

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alteration which we basically can do

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anything about it's basically everything

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that happens to their walk after is

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deposited so there's water rock

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interaction that's what I bring it in my

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crews from the environment and you can

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really change that okay and then the

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next the ones that we can actually bring

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in our drinks fill sampling so you want

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to do all the sampling under sterile

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conditions in also doing your

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instruction you have to do this in a

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clean room so all of the work that I did

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what was done in the clean room in I

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have to well really fancy suit and it's

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not fun when you are downstairs and hear

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the fire alarm go off and have to get

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out of this and try to get out of the

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building though I did all of that so

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most of my way currently was done under

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bull crook so basically I take the work

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and I crush it and I try to get a DNA

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out of those so what I got was basically

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a rapid decline in the amount or the

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concentration of DNA which is not

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surprising because basically active or

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active tissues able to repair

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efficiently their DNA but if you are

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inactive you basically build up a lot a

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bit of a lot of damage so over time you

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lose a lot and those was also done by

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willis live and they look up about four

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examples of different ages and they got

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exactly the same thing so i'll just show

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you basically what i'm trying to let you

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know i'll show you here is

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this is the active sample this is the

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modern sample and these are the ancient

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samples and one thing you see is the

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difference and what is dominating and

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quickly I just went out that the modern

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sample was dominated dominated mostly by

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proteobacteria and a little bit of sign

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of bacteria and then the active spring

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the modern spraying a modern struggling

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samples mostly by cyanobacteria which is

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what you respect from a hot spring but

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the interesting thing is shifting to the

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ancient samples it was all merely

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Firmicutes which is also not too

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surprising because most of the works

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that have been done looking at malkova

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communities through time you have a lot

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of friendly hoods dominating with

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ancient samples basically because these

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are really sport for main microbes and

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be able to withstand all the harsh

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conditions that you find in their

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environment three times so relatively

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they able you're able to preserve those

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over time so this is a principal

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component analysis that showing that

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shows basically that the main difference

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that we see in these communities is

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mainly due to the age of the of these

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samples and not because of where they

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are from so basically the Jewish

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collocations don't really are

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complications on matter it is the age of

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the samples don't matter so the quick

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sample is basically all gonna have

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thought about so moving on that's just

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the phylum level that's like really

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really huge you don't really see much or

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you can really pinpoint a lot of things

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so what I did from there was to look at

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family level diversity so I went into

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all their samples and look at what the

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different families that I represented in

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with that I went into the literature to

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see what organisms are present in those

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families and what they are known to do

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so then I came up with this thing we

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call physio types basically Chinese tell

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you what they are known to do so these

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are like metabolic metabolic potentials

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and because we didn't actually do um

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metagenomics to look at the functional

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genes or anything we can specifically

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say this is what they do by these are

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potentials of what they can they could

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they should be able to do so basically

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it shows just what we got from the file

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a phylum level diversity basically the

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end of the active sample is slightly

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different mainly you have a lot of Kim

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aleesha traffic activity going on the

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active spring the modern screen has a

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lot of oxygen leak for the trucks and

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non oxygen for those trucks because of

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the sound of bacterial community that we

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have and all the ancient sample as we

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saw before also merely they are all key

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morgana troughs mostly dominating that

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so basically the good thing about this

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weekend really I can hundred percent say

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that the communities that I have seen in

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this ancient samples are the ancient

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communities at the point of formation

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but the good thing here is that there

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are subsets of the modern samples

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everything you see in the ancient

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samples are basically present in the

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morning samples and since we go through

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back with the fishes a model we are

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going to show that this is what we have

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seen so moving forward you're basically

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trying to do make the in sections and

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try to do what we call fluid inclusions

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going to dissolute inclusions and eat

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their primary fluid inclusions we be

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able to tell that this was what was

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present at a time of formation when at

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the time of precipitation of this

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deficits so yeah this of course a

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million-year-old is nothing compared to

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4.5 3.5 billion year old show otherwise

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but moving forward if you're able to go

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back in time this is as much as I've

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all right I have time for a few

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questions do we find travertine anywhere

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in the solar system um very um I think

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on Mars actually there's like two firs

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and strawberries that cause is that this

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is basically a carbonate deposits so if

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you have carbonate deposits so the

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difference people think the difference

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between two fire and travertine is just

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the temperature difference I believe

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it's for my low temperatures people

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think it's travatan but i have seen one

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crystal geyser in color or something and

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it looks exactly like Yellowstone even

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though it's au yeung window it's a low

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temperature thank you any other

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questions ok um see here um I guess we